Title: SAP LZC/LZH Compression Multiple Vulnerabilities
Advisory ID: CORE-2015-0009
Advisory URL: http://www.coresecurity.com/
Date published: 2015-05-12
Date of last update: 2015-05-12
Vendors contacted: SAP
Release mode: Coordinated release
2. Vulnerability Information
Class: Out-of-bounds Write [CWE-787], Out-of-bounds Read [CWE-125]
Impact: Denial of service
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: Yes
CVE Name: CVE-2015-2282, CVE-2015-2278
3. Vulnerability Description
SAP products make use of a proprietary implementation of the Lempel-Ziv-Thomas (LZC) adaptive dictionary compression algorithm and the Lempel-Ziv-Huffman (LZH) compression algorithm [1] . These compression algorithms are used across several SAP products and programs. Vulnerabilities were found in the decompression routines that could be triggered in different scenarios, and could lead to execution of arbitrary code and denial of service conditions.
4. Vulnerable Packages
SAP Netweaver Application Server ABAP.
SAP Netweaver Application Server Java.
SAP Netweaver RFC SDK
SAP RFC SDK
SAP GUI
SAP MaxDB database
SAPCAR archive tool
Other products and versions might be affected, but they were not tested.
5. Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds
SAP published the following Security Notes:
2124806
2121661
2127995
2125316
They can be accessed by SAP clients in their Support Portal [15].
Developers who used the Open Source versions of MaxDB 7.5 and 7.6 for their tools should contact SAP.
6. Credits
This vulnerability was discovered and researched by Martin Gallo from Core Security Consulting Services. The publication of this advisory was coordinated by Joaquín Rodríguez Varela from Core Advisories Team.
7. Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code
SAP products make use of LZC and LZH algorithms for compressing in-transit data for different services (Diag protocol, RFC protocol, MaxDB protocol) and for distributing files (SAPCAR program). The implementation of this algorithm was also included in Open Source versions of MaxDB 7.5 and 7.6 [2], and used on multiple Open Source security-related programs [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].
The code that handles the decompression of LZC and LZH compressed data is prone to two memory corruption vulnerabilities, as described below.
7.1. LZC decompression stack-based buffer overflow
The vulnerability [CVE-2015-2282] is caused by an out-of-bounds write to a stack buffer used by the decompression routine to write the output characters.
The following snippet of code shows the vulnerable function [file vpa106cslzc.cpp in the MaxDB source code [12]]. This piece of code can be reached by decompressing a specially crafted buffer.
[..]
int CsObjectInt::CsDecomprLZC (SAP_BYTE * inbuf,
SAP_INT inlen,
SAP_BYTE * outbuf,
SAP_INT outlen,
SAP_INT option,
SAP_INT * bytes_read,
SAP_INT * bytes_written)
[..]
/* Generate output characters in reverse order ...................*/
while (code >= 256)
{
*stackp++ = TAB_SUFFIXOF(code);
OVERFLOW_CHECK
code = TAB_PREFIXOF(code);
}
[..]
Note that the "code" variable contains an attacker controlled value, resulting in a stack overflow if the value is greater than 256 and the value for that code in the prefix table is also greater than 256. It's possible to fill in the stack with arbitrary values by controlling the values stored in the prefix and suffix tables.
It's also worth mentioning that the above code includes a macro for performing some bounds checks on the stack pointer ("OVERFLOW_CHECK"). However, the check implemented by this macro is not sufficient for avoiding this vulnerability and also could lead to fault conditions when decompressing valid buffers. Moreover, vulnerable products and programs were built without this macro enabled ("CS_STACK_CHECK" macro not defined at the time of compilation).
7.2. LZH decompression out-of-bounds read
The vulnerability [CVE-2015-2278] is caused by an out-of-bounds read of a buffer used by the decompression routine when performing look-ups of non-simple codes.
The following piece of code shows the vulnerable function [file vpa108csulzh.cpp in the MaxDB source code [13]]. This piece of code can be reached by decompressing a specially crafted buffer.
[..]
int CsObjectInt::BuildHufTree (
unsigned * b, /* code lengths in bits (all assumed <= BMAX) */
unsigned n, /* number of codes (assumed <= N_MAX) */
unsigned s, /* number of simple-valued codes (0..s-1) */
int * d, /* list of base values for non-simple codes */
int * e, /* list of extra bits for non-simple codes */
HUFTREE **t, /* result: starting table */
int * m) /* maximum lookup bits, returns actual */
[..]
if (p >= v + n)
{
r.e = INVALIDCODE; /* out of values--invalid code */
}
else if (*p < s)
{ /* 256 is end-of-block code */
r.e = (unsigned char)(*p < 256 ? LITCODE : EOBCODE);
r.v.n = (unsigned short) *p; /* simple code is just the value*/
p++;
}
else
{
r.e = (unsigned char) e[*p - s]; /*non-simple,look up in lists*/
r.v.n = (unsigned short) d[*p - s];
p++;
}
[..]
The "e" and "d" arrays are indexed with the value of "*p - s" which is an attacker-controlled value. When the code is reached, this results in an out-of-bounds read access.
7.3. Attack scenarios
The vulnerabilities affect a varied range of products and programs. The attack scenarios differ based on the way each product makes use of the compression libraries. At very least the following scenarios can be identified:
7.3.1. Attacks against server-side components
SAP Netweaver services like Dispatcher or Gateway handle compressed requests coming from the different clients connecting to them. A remote unauthenticated attacker might be able to connect to the aforementioned services and trigger the vulnerabilities by sending specially crafted packets.
7.3.2. Client-side attacks
An attacker might be able to perform client-side attacks against users of the affected programs that handle compressed data. For instance, an attacker might send a specially crafted .CAR or .SAR archive file aimed at being decompressed using the SAPCAR tool, or mount a rogue SAP server offering Dispatcher and entice users to connect to this malicious server using SAP GUI.
7.3.3. Man-in-the-middle attacks
As most of the services affected by these issues are not encrypted by default, an attacker might be able to perform a man-in-the-middle attack and trigger the vulnerabilities by injecting malicious packets within the communication.
7.4. Looking in binaries for compression routines
The LZC and LZH compression algorithm routines are statically compiled in the different binaries of the affected products and programs. It's possible to check if a binary includes these functions by looking at whether the algorithm's constants are used in the program.
The following Radare [14] command can be used to check if a binary file includes the mentioned constants:
$ rafind2 -x fffefcf8f0e0c080 -x 0103070f1f3f7fff <binary_file>
Example output:
$ rafind2 -X -x fffefcf8f0e0c080 -x 0103070f1f3f7fff SAPCAR64
SAPCAR64: 000 @ 0x1082c1
offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
0x001082c1 0103 070f 1f3f 7fff fffe fcf8 f0e0 c080 .....?..........
0x001082d1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x001082e1 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0004 ................
0x001082f1 0000 0004 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0006 ................
0x00108301 0000 0008 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 ..............
8. Report Timeline
2015-01-20: Core Security sends an initial notification to SAP. Publication date set to Mar 10, 2015 (Patch Tuesday).
2015-01-21: SAP confirms reception and requests a draft version of the advisory.
2015-01-21: Core Security sends the draft version of the advisory to the vendor.
2015-01-21: SAP confirms reception of the report and assigns the following security message Number: 55318 2015.
2015-01-22: SAP asks if the two vulnerable functions mentioned in the draft are the only ones affected by these vulnerabilities.
2015-01-22: Core Security informs the vendor that researchers were only able to trigger the vulnerabilities in the functions mentioned in the draft advisory. In case they find other instances where the vulnerabilities can be triggered, Core requests to be informed.
2015-01-30: Core Security asks the vendor if they were able to verify the vulnerabilities in order to coordinate a proper release date.
2015-02-02: SAP states that they verified and confirmed the vulnerabilities, are working on a solution, and will provide an update once the solution plan is finished.
2015-02-04: SAP states that they will be able to provide a fix by May's Patch Tuesday, 2015, and not March as requested. They also request to know how the advisory is going to be published and if we have any plans to include them in any upcoming presentations.
2015-02-10: SAP requests confirmation of their previous email in order to coordinate the advisory for the May 12th, 2015.
2015-02-18: Core Security informs SAP that the date is confirmed and that researchers might present something after the publication of the advisory.
2015-02-19: SAP states that it is thankful for Core's commitment to go for a coordinated release. They say they will keep us updated.
2015-05-07: Core Security reminds SAP that the date for the proposed fix to be released is the following week, therefore we would like to resume communications in order to publish our findings in a coordinated manner.
2015-05-07: SAP informs that they are on track to release the security notes as part of their May patch day (May 12th, 2015).
2015-05-11: Core Security asks SAP for the specific time they are planning to publish their security note and requests a tentative link so it can be included in Core's advisory. Additionally, Core sends a tentative fix for the source code that it is planning to add in its advisory for SAP to review, and a list of vulnerable tools that used the vulnerable code so SAP can contact and inform the owners of the fix.
2015-05-12: SAP states that they published 4 security notes regarding the issues we reported. They requested for us to wait 3 months to publish our findings and to send them the advisory before is published.
2015-05-12: Core Security requests that SAP fixes the external ID (Core's ID) they used and offer Core's publication link. Additionally, Core explained that is their policy to release their findings the same day the vendor does. Core also reminded SAP that they were still waiting for a reply to their previous email.
2015-05-12: Advisory CORE-2015-0009 published.
9. References
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[2] ftp://ftp.sap.com/pub/maxdb/
[3] http://conus.info/utils/SAP_
[4] https://github.com/sensepost/
[5] https://github.com/sensepost/
[6] http://blog.ptsecurity.com/
[7] https://github.com/
[8] https://github.com/
[9] https://github.com/daberlin/
[10] https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.
[11] http://www.oxid.it/cain.html.
[12] http://maxdb-7.5.00.
[13] http://maxdb-7.5.00.
[14] http://radare.org/y/.
[15] https://service.sap.com/
10. About CoreLabs
CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security, is charged with anticipating the future needs and requirements for information security technologies. We conduct our research in several important areas of computer security including system vulnerabilities, cyber attack planning and simulation, source code auditing, and cryptography. Our results include problem formalization, identification of vulnerabilities, novel solutions and prototypes for new technologies. CoreLabs regularly publishes security advisories, technical papers, project information and shared software tools for public use at: http://corelabs.coresecurity.
11. About Core Security
Core Security enables organizations to get ahead of threats with security test and measurement solutions that continuously identify and demonstrate real-world exposures to their most critical assets. Our customers can gain real visibility into their security standing, real validation of their security controls, and real metrics to more effectively secure their organizations.
Core Security's software solutions build on over a decade of trusted research and leading-edge threat expertise from the company's Security Consulting Services, CoreLabs and Engineering groups. Core Security can be reached at +1 (617) 399-6980 or on the Web at:http://www.coresecurity.com.
12. Disclaimer
The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2015 Core Security and (c) 2015 CoreLabs, and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 (United States) License: http://creativecommons.org/
13. PGP/GPG Keys
This advisory has been signed with the GPG key of Core Security advisories team, which is available for download at http://www.coresecurity.com/
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